Typography Task 1: Exercises
Type Expression and Text Formatting
29 March 2022 (Week 1 - 6)
Mabuchi ARATA / 0351579 Typograohy / Bachelor of Design (Hons) in Creative Media
Task 1 : Exercise 1
Lectures
Week 1
Lecture 1
Main topic : History of Western Typography
Early letterform
In the ancient times, the word are tend to be written on the wet cray by sharpened stick or carving into stone with a chise.
(Fig 0.1 Ancient Phoenicial alphabet)
Originally wester uppercase Latin letter forms were evolved from ancient Phoenician Characters which were used to represent materials or tools.
The Phoenician characters were formed by simple combinations of straight lines and pieces of circles.
When the Phoenician turned into Greek languages,it didn't just change the direction of sentences.
Phoenician and other Semitic people were used to write sentences foes to next line with start writing opposite side like forming zig zag.
This was the reason for why orientation of the letterforms had been changed.
(Fig 0.2 Greek letter format)
It may be stated that Etruscan (ancient Italian) and Roman carvers (a person who shape hard materials to record something as his or her job) decided to change in weight from vertical to horizontal. Carvers used brush before inscribed letters on stones and their natural strokes had become the letters we normally use today.
(Fig 0.3 Alphabet word evolution)
Square was used from 3rd century. They are formed by cut capital letters. We can see that in this font series added to the finish of main stroke.
Compressed version of hand scripts were also used from 3rd centuries ce to 10th century ce. Simple form of capital letter creates much more space to write any text and it leads acceleration of writing speed.
Hand scripts form (3rd to 10th century) Lowercase letter forms were originally used in this font style. It was made to reduce time to write.
(Fig 0.4 First lowercase letter)
Unicycle is the one of the ancient letter forms include absorb Roman cursive hand style.
Uniciqls used to have 1 inchi height, as the result, some of the words become much readable.
Hand scripts form (3 10 centuries).This text formats were first European standard text form founded by Charlemagne, the first unifier of Europe since Roman's. This text format had officially announced uppercase, miniscule, capitalization and punctuation at the first time.
Black letter
After Charlemagne's empire's collapse, and religions variations upon Alcain's scripts, condense strongly vertical letter forms known as black letter become much popular in the north European countries.
In the south, a rounder more open hand becomes popular called "rounda". The humanistic scripts in Italy is based on Alcuin's miniscule.
Gutenberg's type
Gutenberg's engineering skills has caused to develop movable type printing systems of any publish products.
The text form used in this system was different during that time because there were different brass matrix to cause making different text style.
Basically every type formats are developed for their particular reasons or common technology or commercial needs and artistic trends. Certain text models have experienced well past the cultures that spawned them.
Black letter : Hand copying style used for books in Northern Europe.
Old style : Based upon the Lowercase forms used by Italian humanist academic students, for book copying and uppercase letter forms found inscribed on Roman ruins. The forms evolved away from their graphic origins over 2000 years.
Italic : Echoing contemporary Italian handwriting, the first italics were condensed and close set allowing more words per page. Although originally considered their own class of type.
Italics were soon cast to complement Roman forms.
Since the sixteenth centur. Virtually all text type faces have been designed must go with italic forms.
(Fig 0.6 Italic)
Script : Originally and attempt to replicate marked graphic forms. This class of type is not entirely appropriate in lengthy text settings in shorter applications, however, it has always enjoyed wide acceptance. Forms now range from the formal and traditional to the casual and contemporary.
Transitional : A refinement of old-style forms. This style was achieved in casting and printing. Thick to thin relationships were overstated and brackets were lightened.
Modern : This style represents a further rationalization of old style letterforms. Series were untracked and the contrast between thick and thin strokes extreme. English versions (like bell) are also known as Scotch Roman's and more closely resemble transitional forms.
Week 2
Lecture
Main topic : Typo Basics
There are many techniques and strategy to design the word's typography, you must understand specific typographic ketwords to identify them for easy typo development.
There are just part of the Typography's important part and i hope I can obserb more in the future.
・Baseline : The imaginary line the visual base of the letterforms.
・Median : The imaginary line defining the x height of letterforms.(or middle height between Baseline and Cap height.)
・X height : The height in any typeface of thr lower case "x".
・Cap height : The height in any typeface of uppercase (Capital) letter.
・Ascender height : The height in some lower case letter.
Ascender height is little bit higher than Cap height, why? This is because Capital letter is much wider than other lower case lettter and more surface area on top, to make a balance of size between Capital letter and lower case letters, there's am adjustment of vertical height required.
Stroke : Any line tha defines the base letterform.
Apes/Vertex : The point created by joining two diagonal (joining two opposite corners of a square, rectangle or other straight sided shape) stems.
↓
The point where two different lines crossing together.
Arm : Short strokes off the stem of a lowercase letterform that projects above the median.
Barbs : The half serif finished on some curved stroke.
Beak : The half serif finished on some horizontal arms.
Bowl : The rounded form that describes a counter. The bowl may be either open or closed.
Bracket : The transition between the serif and the stem.
Crossbar : The horizontal stroke in a letterform that join two stems together.
Cross Stroke : The horizontal stroke in a letterform that joins two stems together.
Crotch : The interior space where two strokes meet.
Week 3
Lecture 3
Main topic : Kerning and Letter spacing
Space between letters. As you already know, the word is formed by group of single charneters,so each alphabetic characters must be grouped together, if characters are separated each other, we can't read the sentences fluently, to adjust the space between the alphabetic characters, we need organize the space between characters. This process is called "Kerning".
We tend to kern the space between for Big sentence like a headline for news papers.
This process is held for only for some
specific characters. (letter space adjustment is called "tracking")
The time to carry out kerning tend to adjust space for large size font.
This is because we tend to pay more attention to the large size text in our normal life.
By the way, do you know the reason for why we need to carry out kerning? This is because with kernel text, the sentence become much "beautiful". Typography is the design for word to make it beautiful.
Text style
In the world of typography, even the way to write text has its own style. There are mainly three way to organize writing text depends where text lines should be arranged. Right? Left? Or even center?
Fush left : This font style is close to the hand witing style, Ths is because each line starts af the same point but ends wherever the last word in the line ends.
Space between words are constant through out the text allowing the type to ckeate even gray value.
Catered : This formnt imposes symbol upon the text, assuning equal value and
werght To both ends of any line.
It transforms field of text into shapes there by adding a pictorial by nature.
Because centered type creates such a strong shape on the page, it's important to amend line breaks so that the text does not appear too jagged.
Flash right : This is totally opposite to the Flask left. The eud of each text line is much important than start point.
It can be useful where the relationship between
text and Image might be ambiguous without a strong orientation.
Justified: This text format reduces any useless space as much as possible. it also reduces spaces between words as much as possible. The resulting
Openness of lines can occasionally produce 'rivers' of white space running vertically through the text. Tha main point should be
focued on this text format is making sure to focus on line breaks and hyphenation
(Connecting or dividing words with hyphen sign)
Main purpose of the typography job is expressing the meaning of sentences that authors want to tell us. Typographical designers must understand sentence type
because it's the first element that reader see the most at the first.
Designers also need to change word type.
Typography also makes any attention from the readers, so designers also need to know about expression of words can make.
Letters
Even thought the characters may be seen symnethically shape.
It has lots of different stroke weights of the Baskervillestroke form. Each stem, branch and any other parts has a uique arc.
(Fig 0.7 Unique arc example 26/April/2022)
Upper case letter forms may appear symmetrical but a close examinations shows that the width of both left and right slop has different thickness.
Both Baskervilleand Univers tell us that meticulous care a typedesigner takes to create letterforms that are both internally harmonious and individually expressive.
(Fig 0.8 Umbalanced thickness 26/April/2022)
Even thought there are highly similar font exists like Helvetic and Univers, the stroke thickness and smaller part or other factor such as height can be different.
Different font characteristics can create unique personality and use in many purpose.
The basic principles ot Graphic Design can be used in the typograph. The followings are some examples of contrast - the most power tul dynamic design as applied to type based on a format devised by Rudi Ruegg.
Week 4
Lecture 4
Main topic : Window and Orphans, and line space
Basically, Window is the text line that contains only one word at the front of the sentence, and Orphans is the text line that contains only one word at the end of the sentence, you may have seen these word before in the sentences, but unfortunally, it's agianst the fundamental rules of typography rules.
Type face : The goal of setting the text type -in other words, fonts- should be enough to understand by reading through it at arms length in the books not too big and not too small, depends on the size of the books, this size can dramatically changable.
Leading : The space between words and words should not be so tight or open so readers can understand each words, the vertical diatance of two different words can be organize the process alled "kerning" In the text, proper size of distance is required.
Line length : This is what I tried to talk in this section, The line length of the sentence is required around 55 to 65 words on each line, it depends on some other factors, but most o the case, you need to handle the line's length no too long and not too short.
To say conclusion first, the both window and orphans are totally mistake of the sentence, how should we fix them, the solution for this is that rebreaking the line of sentences through out our paragraoh to delete ant lines that contains less number or the words.
Line space is also one of the typographic factor you must follow, First of all, What's space line? well, it is basically vertical distance between lines of text, so it is similar to the horizontal space between each words and same as kerning, there are also vertical space adjustment is required.
Most of the case, vertical line space should be at least a space and half within paragraphs, so almost 1,5 times the font size. The process to adjust vertical space between two lines of text is called "leading".
Punctuation is the additional typographical elements you should include in your sentence. Basically, The term punctuation is the typographical symbols for identifying the meaning of text or ass additional information in the text.
The list below is the example of the punctuations.
・, : commma : Separating independent clauses.
・. : Full Stop : Ending the sentence by adding end of each sentence.
・: : colon : Giving emphasis, present dialogue.
・; : Semi colon : Joining independent clauses.
・- : hyphen : Inserting additional information.
Instructions
This is the instruction structure I've received from this lesson shown below.
<iframe src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HayTdFi8PGQIo4a2kab1TusnrKHFazL5/preview" width="640" height="480" allow="autoplay"></iframe>
Week 1 :
Introduction about the study of Tygography lecture. How we get any notice and how to post your E-Portfolio. After that, We introduce ourselfe each other.
We also received instruction structure as PDF form from Facebook.
Week 2 :
Creating typographic art of goven words, "Grow", "Squeeze", "Explode" and "Cough".
I made typography art of "Grow", "Squeeze" and "Cough". I will show you my artwork of "Grow" and "Squeeze" in analogue and digital form in PDF file.
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(Fig 1.1 "Squeeze" Analogue form 5th April)
<iframe src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1b-W8eLbyJY1RGhBoivlVILgbYFlxTqsp/preview" width="640" height="480" allow="autoplay"></iframe>
In this artwork, I represent the word "Squeeze" with the character "Squeeze" being pushed from four different directions, upwards, downwards, rightside and leftside.
Since typography is the design technique, I changed character's shape to represent squash of object.
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(Fig 1.2 "Grow" Analogue form 5t April)
<iframe src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1b-W8eLbyJY1RGhBoivlVILgbYFlxTqsp/preview" width="640" height="480" allow="autoplay"></iframe>
I represent the grow -Natural volume increasing- with using steps. To explain more about my work, I placed each characters "G", "R", "O", and "W" on the each steps with different height which going upwards.
I tried to represent the word of "grow" as "physical and mental improvement" by steps going roght hand side upwards.
(Fig 1.3 "Squeeze " 5th April 2022)
<iframe src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1eWlZNdbeE4-wML_V1FHukmMWbMypqZK-/preview" width="640" height="480" allow="autoplay"></iframe>
This is my third typography artwork representing the word of "squeeze" by using the visual image of the squeezing cloth. Each character of "squeeze" was imported into every twisted part of the cloth and their characters are also twisted a bit to represent firmly pressing.This may looks nice, I reject this idea because this typography relies on the visual representation too much, I guess the leaking water was too much to represent the word of "squeeze".
(Fig 1.4 Typographi work of "Grow" 5th April 2022)
This is my fourth work representing the work of "Grow" going upwards with one big arrow. I tried to represent the word of undergoing development by using one big arrow going upwards.
The main problem of this typography work is the font, although this work may seem nice to represent the meaning of grow, the font I used isn't good enough to represent the idea about the word of "grow". I recreate this typogrphy art into digital form with recreating font itself. (The art itself will be shown later.)
(Fig 1.5 3 different typography representing the word "Fire" a 5th April 2022)
(Fig 1.6 3 different typography representing the word "Fire" b 5th April 2022)
(Fig 1.7 3 different typography representing the word "Water" 5th April 2022)
Sadly, I reject this idea even though they may seem impressive, the reason for this is because I used too much visual illustration too much, as you are going to see through my typographic works afterwards, you may understand that My tendency of typography is relying on the visual image too much.
To add one more my weakness about designing typography is that I add too much decoration to the words, in the result the words mught get distorted.
(Fig 1.8 2 typography art of "grow" 5th April 2022)
In this artwork, I tried to represent the word in two different way, one is using group of arrows and another ona is using one long arrow. To say the conclusion first, It was totally failure work at all, this is because the words themself are totally distorted. The one of the main points that every typography designer must follow is that "Do not distort the characters, that might cause lose of word's meaning.", therefore the those typography works shown above is totally failure.
(Fig 1.8 2 typography art of "grow" 5th April 2022)
This typography works represent the word of "cough" by using the mask and words o as mouth.
Most of case, The character of "c" is used for representing the mough, however, I tried to use the character of "o" as mouth and I used "e" as ears.
However, This artwork sadly used visual illustration too much, therefore this work is also failure, I rejected it.
As you can see through, we surely understand that my weakness is about relying on visual representation too much.
(Fig 1.9 typography art of "squeeze" 5th April 2022)
This typography art represents the word "squeeze" by one big fist punching at the word of "squeeze" to represent the action of firmly pressing.I rejected this idea because this typography also relies on the visual images.
(Fig 1.10 4 typography works of "grow" 5th April 2022)
There are all rejected ideas about typographic artworks of the word of "grow", I will explain one by one from above.Firstly, the top typogrphycal work represents natural development as each words containing smaller previous words, every time the word goes by, the each characters become bigger and bigger, however I also reject this idea because the word's meaning can't be understood by seeing, in my opinion, the design that can't understand by first impression isn't good design. This is why I reject this artwork.
Secondaly, I represent the natural development as the character of "g", "r", "o", "w" become bigger and thicker, I reject this idea because the font I used in this typographic work isn't imressive and suitable to used, therefore I reject this idea.
From this mistakes, I think I also need to understand each fonts meanings.
Thirdly, I tried to represent the meaning the word "grow" by drawing a tree and each characters of "grow" are part of branches of the tree (the character of "o" is fruit of the tree), I reject this idea because it also rely to the visual illustrations, without image of the tree, the meaning of "grow" becoe much difficult to explain.
Finally, I tried to explain the idea of grow by representing the life of fish using each characters of "grow", start from an egg to the an adult fish, however, this typographical artwork ended up as failure work. This is because I also used too much visual illustration in this work, I strongly remind that in the typographical work, visual illustation can't be overused.
As you read through, my own typographical work tend to rely to the visual illustration, however, main purpose of the typography is expressing the word's meaning, so it's important that remaining the character's own shape.
Here's the list that Mr Vonid Nair told us during the lecture.
・Do not rely on the visual illustration.
・Maintain words shape, distortion cause lose of its own meanings.
・Keep the sentence clean, any draft work must be removed.
・Words must express its own meaning.
・Express word's meaning using whole words.
・Main purpose of is expressing words meaning, Always maintain readablity.
・Expand ideas, more ideas can expand more expression.
After making several analogue typographical works of given words, I have created several analogue form of typographical works as shown below.
(Fig 1.11 digital typography work of "grow" 5th April 2022)
(Fig 1.12 2 digital typography works of "grow" 5th April 2022)
(Fig 1.13 digital typography work of "grow" 5th April 2022)
(Fig 1.14 digital typography work of "grow"9th April 2022 )
(Fig 1.15 digital typography work of "squeeze" 9th April 2022
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(Fig 1.16 digital typography work of "explode" 5th April 2022)
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(Fig 1.17 5 digital typography works of "grow" 5th April 2022)
(Fig 1.19 digital typography work of "cough" 23rd April 2022)
Week 3 :
This week, We've made the gif animation of the given word, therefore I have made several works of them, however, I have made serious mistake.
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(Fig 2.1 GIF form typography work of "cough" 23rd April 2022)
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(Fig 2.2 GIF form typography work of "Explode" 23rd April 2022)
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(Fig 2.3 GIF form typography work of "grow" A 23rd April 2022)
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(Fig 2.4 GIF form typography work of "Grow" B 23rd April 2022)
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(Fig 2.4 GIF form typography work of "Grow" C 23rd April 2022)
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(Fig 2.5 GIF form typography work of "Squeeze" 23rd April 2022)
Even though they all looks nice typographical works, they're totally failure works expect Fig 2.4, this is because in the Taylor's typographical work, all works should use school provided font as shown below.
(Fig 2.6 All provided fonts)
I didn't used these provided fonts expect one work, this is because I didn't know that there are provided fonts. Before I'll represent the recreated form of the all Gif form of typographical work, I'll explain about one typography artwork iused proper provided work..gif)
(Fig 2.7 GIF form typography work of "Grow" 23rd April 2022)
This is my only typographical artwork representing the word of "grow". I tried to represent the the word expressing the natural development by one big arrow keep going upwards.The origin of this artwork comes from previous my own work I made before on my sketchbook.
(Fig 2.8 typography work of "Grow" 19th April 2022)
This work is typographical work of the word of "grow" which representing its independent natural development by one big arrow going upwards, even though the idea was pretty good, I was not satisfied because the font itself isn't good enough to represent the meaning of "grow", therefore when I recreate this work, I tried to change the font of the word inside of the arrow.
(Fig 2.9 Digital typography work of "Grow" 5th April 2022)
When I tried to make a Gif animation for this work, I tried to make advanced form of the typographical work, so I tried to create three different typographical gif animation of the word, "grow". When I was making one big arrow animation, there were one problem happened, the word of "grow" isn't inside of the one big arrow, so I made a gif animations that an arrow suddenly stops and I made animation that the word goes inside of the arrow..gif)
(Fig 2.10 Gif animation of an arrow going upwards 19th April 2022)
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(Fig 2.11 Gif animation of word "grow" coming from the botto of an arrrow19th April 2022)
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(Fig 2.12 Gif animation of an arrow going upwards and words coming afterwards 19th April 2022)
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(Fig 2.13 Gif animation of an arrow going upwards and come back again 19th April 2022)
As you can see through, I have used some effort to express the words' on meaning in the typographical artworks, however, these works isn't what the class expect because the ty;ographical works required to use givn font sets, therefore here's all recreated version of my typographical works with new typography works.I also added short exprenetions, so I hope you to understand wha I tried to represent in each typographic works. (I rejected some typography ideas because some of the rely on the visual illustrations too much, I also added one new design.)
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(Fig 2.14 Gif animation of typographical work "squeeze" 24th April 2022)
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(Fig 2.15 Gif animation of typographical work "cough" 24th April 2022)
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(Fig 2.16 Gif animation of typographical work "grow" a 24th April 2022)
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(Fig 2.17 Gif animation of typographical work "grow" b 24th April 2022)
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(Fig 2.18 Gif animation of typographical work "grow" c 24th April 2022)
1 Squeeze:
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(Fig 2.18 Newer Gif animation of typographical work "squeeze" 24th April 2022)
My previous work of Gif typography work "squeeze" had three different problems. :・The text itself was distorted.
・The font style isn't the provided font.
・It wasn't clear way to squeeze sentence.
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(Fig 2.19 Old Gif animation of typographical work "squeeze" 19th April 2022)
In this Gif animation, the character of "S" and "d" gats distorted because of this untidy visual editing. In my newer work, I used the Krita's tool called "warp" to compress the illustration in clearn and tidy way. In the result, the word is much readable. As you can see, I also used school provided font to try to represent the meaning of the words "squeezed".I tried to express the meaning of "squeeze" by squashing the rectangle with the word "squeezed" twice with bounce. In the result, the bound wasn't represented as I expected, however, the main purpose to represent "squeeze" was completed successfully.
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2 cough:
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(Fig 2.20 Newer Gif animation of typographical work "cough" 24th April 2022)
Beside on the problem of font I used, there were serious problems existed in the previous typographical work of "cough"..gif)
(Fig 2.21 Old Gif animation of typographical work "cough" 19th April 2022)
・The line between C and mask representing the string holding a mask gets distorted.・I missed during this typographical work creation, the group o words "ugh" are gathered too much.
My artwork could be stated that even the idea was good, it was completely failure, so these are all my improved point to make my newer work is much better.
・I tried to use line tool to make a straight line.
・I changed the angle and size of each characters of "ugh" indicidually.
3 grow(a):
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(Fig 2.22 Newer Gif animation of typographical work "grow" 24th April 2022)
Maybe, I can crealy state that this gif typography work is my new typographical gif work, this is because even though this is also one my remade previous work shown below..gif)
(Fig 2.23 Previous Gif animation of typographical work "grow" 23th April 2022)
Originally, I have been planning to create my previous typographical work I made before shown below, however, beause of that I had no experience of making any gif work and I had less knowledge about paint tool I use, so I had no idea how I should create the digital animation form of my previous work, in the result, the work I made had full of mistakes.
(Fig 2.24 Previous typographical work "grow" 5th April 2022)
I tried to recreate my previous work to recreate my previous static typographic work shown above by using straight line tool and warp tool to try to recreate my prevsious work. In the result, One big arrow going upwards represent what I tried to express previous static typographical work successfully.4 grow(b):
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(Fig 2.25 Gif animated typographical work "grow" 24th April 2022)
This is also one of my recreated form of my previous typographic work of "grow" as shown below.
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(Fig 2.26 Previous Gif animated typographical work "grow" 23rd April 2022)
Why I tried to recreate my previous work? The reason is simple, The font I used isn't the font the university provided for us. In the result, even though the quality of this work isn't so bad, my previous typographu isn't what the course expected to see, therefore I recreate my typography work.
The quality of newer work isn't so bad, however, there's one mistake I've made during this creation. In the old gif animation, there is an animation that each characters of "grow" become slightly bigger during to represent the natural development, but in my newer typography work, I forgot to make an anmation that characters become slightly bigger, therefore the newer work doesn;t express the word's own meaning as previous work.
5 grow(c):
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(Fig 2.27 Gif animated typographical work "grow" 24th April 2022)
This typographical work is my new typographical work representing the word "grow". How did I represent the natural development? I tried to represent it reffered to the plants growing after raining. 
(Fig 2.28 Gif animation of plants growth)
You may think that this is most widely used way to represent the word "grow", how did I make difference? I tried to make a rain animation before the animation to make difference to the other similar works. The rain aniation can tell us that the meaning of the word of "grow" is natural development like a plant becoming bigger and bigger after raining..gif)
(Fig 2.29 Sample Gif animation of raining 24th April 2022)
This is my raining gif animation I used in my typographical artwork. even though this is just continuous Gif animation of many vertical lines placing randomly, we can see that the line goes downwards continuously, I tried to use the theory of line in the design fundamental to represent the raining so easily.This method is also used by Tezuka Osaumu who is the author of "Astro Boy".
As the result, Here's my final typography works shown below.
(Fig 2.30 Typography final work 27/April 2022)
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(Fig 2.31 Typography final work summary 26/June 2022)
Feedback
Week 1: None
To the current typographic design as shown below.
However, this book isn't talking about the history of the typography, It also told us about fundamental knowledge about typographic design. Any basic ideas such as letterformat, height, space, fonts itself, size, arm, contrast meaning, and meaning.. there are tons of factors about typography. We can easily understand each ideas with big visual example as shown below.
The book is very helpful to understand the basic ideas about typography and hopefully I can use this book for future typographical development.
Week 2 :
"Squeeze" : The design looks messy, I need to clean up the sketches, maybe I should start my work from draf work.
"Grow" : It looks nice, it's good idea to seat each character of "G", "R", "O" and "W" on the step to represent "grow".
Week 3 :
I should use all font set provided in the Facebook page, and all works must be available eiher Jpeg form or PDF forms.
Reflection
Week 1:
Week 2 :
"Squeeze" : I recreate my typography art in digital paint tool to make it clean and simple. Without messy part, my work must look better than before.
In next time, I think I should start with draft work made by pencil.
("Squeeze" Digital form 9th April 2022)
"Grow" : I recreate my typography art to understand the meaning of word "grow" more. As the steps go upwards, (so as the character goes by) the size of characters become bigger and bigger. I guess my typography becomes much better to express the meaning of natural development.
("Squeeze" Digital form 9th April 2022)
Findings
Kerning : Inner character spacing, more specific to explain, it's the space between characters in sentances, in the typography design, this term is going to be extremely important. This is because without managing the space between words and characters, the sentences looks awkward, for example if each characters are close together, it may be hard to read, on the other hand, if the characters expand separately too much, it may become hard to read too.
Every typography designers must control kerning to mainthain "legibility" which is basically "the quality of being clear enough to read". Every typogrphy must maintain the balance of space between characters and words to make comfortable to read.
Most of case, the kerning system is already provided in the most of word processor, however, depends on the convination of the characters, there are manual management of the kerning is required.
Tracking : It is similar to the kerning, this is because it is the "adjustment of word spacing". To explain more abou this with details and much simpler, it is increasing or decrease horizontal size of space between the characters, therefore it provides impression for each characters.
It may seem similar to the kerning technique, but it's completely different because kerning is adjusting space between each characters and tracking is providing fized number of spaces in the whole sentences.
To sum up the ideas, tracking is the typography technique to control horizoltal destance of space btween two different characters to manage readability.
Window : The text line that contains only one word at the front of the sentence.
Orphans : The text line that contains only one word at the end of the sentence.
Reading
I have currently read the books called "A type primer".
(Fif 3,1 A type primer Cover image)
This book told us about history of typography and its evolution. We start from early typography as shown below. 
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